This is a multi-center, randomized (1:1), open-label, active-controlled, pragmatic study of the efficacy of vadadustat administered three times a week compared to standard of care erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for the treatment of anemia in in-center hemodialysis participants with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). A subset of sites will participate in a red blood cell (RBC) sub-study where changes in the phenotype of RBCs in response to vadadustat treatment relative to methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta treatment in DD-CKD participants with anemia will be assessed. A separate informed consent form (ICF) will be signed by these participants who opt to be in the RBC sub-study. Of the 350 participants in the main study, approximately 28 participants will also be enrolled into the RBC sub-study. The total duration of the study is approximately 35 Weeks including screening and follow-up.